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A collision avoidance system is an automobile safety system designed to reduce the severity of an accident. Also known as precrash system, forward collision warning system or collision mitigating system, it uses radar (all-weather) and sometimes laser and camera (both sensor types are ineffective during bad weather) to detect an imminent crash. Once the detection is done, these systems either provide a warning to the driver when there is an imminent collision or take action autonomously without any driver input (by braking or steering or both). Collision avoidance by braking is appropriate at low vehicle speeds (e.g. below 50 km/h), while collision avoidance by steering is appropriate at higher vehicle speeds. Cars with collision avoidance may also be equipped with adaptive cruise control, and use the same forward-looking sensors. ==History== The world's first demonstration of forward collision avoidance was performed in 1995 by a team of scientists and engineers at Hughes Research Laboratories in Malibu, California. The project was funded by Delco Electronics, and was led by HRL physicist Ross D. Olney. The technology was labeled for marketing purposes as FOREWARN. The system was radar based - a technology that was readily available at Hughes Electronics, but virtually no place else in the world. A small custom fabricated radar-head was developed specifically for this automotive application at 77 GHz. The forward radar-head, plus the signal processing unit and visual-audio-tactile feedbacks were first integrated into a Lexus SC400, and shortly thereafter into a Cadillac STS.〔"Collision Warning System Technology" presented by Olney R.D. et al., at Intelligent Transport Systems World Congress in Yokohama, Japan in November 1995〕 An SUV-style concept vehicle known as SSC (Safety Security & Communications), that contained many other of Delco's most advanced technologies,〔Car & Driver magazine "The Mensa-Mobile" August 1996 issue, pages 144-145〕 also received the FOREWARN collision avoidance system and was shown to the public for the first time at the North American International Auto Show at Cobo Hall in Detroit in 1996. This was a fully functional vehicle, and demonstrations were concurrently being provided by a duplicate vehicle.〔Wired Magazine "The Information Superhighway (This is not a metaphor.)", by Joe Wiesenfelder, Issue 4.02 - Feb 1996〕〔WARDSAUTO "Delco's dream machine" May 1, 1996 by Keenan, Tim〕 While primarily a warning system, with various feedbacks, the system did have minor control of the brakes which were pulsed to begin a braking action in the event of a potential collision, making it also the beginning of avoidance systems. These SSC vehicles were sent around the world, including Europe and Asia, to share this very important life-saving technology with all the major automotive manufacturers in an effort to quick-start their individual development efforts. It took almost 20 years for this important technology to reach the consumer marketplace. In the early-2000, the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) researched whether to make frontal collision warning systems and lane departure warning systems mandatory. In 2011, a question was submitted to the European Commission regarding stimulation of these "collision mitigation by braking" systems.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Written question - Rear-end traffic collisions in the European Union - E-011477/2011 )〕 The mandatory fitting of Advanced Emergency Braking Systems in commercial vehicles will be implemented on 1 November 2013 for new vehicle types and on 1 November 2015 for all new vehicles in the European Union.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Answer to a written question - Rear-end traffic collisions in the European Union - E-011477/2011 )〕 This could, according to the impact assessment,〔http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/automotive/files/safety/sec_2008_1908_en.pdf〕 ultimately prevent around 5,000 fatalities and 50,000 serious injuries per year across the EU. A 2012 study〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Crash avoidance features cut insurance claims )〕 by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety examined how particular features of crash-avoidance systems affected the number of claims under various forms of insurance coverage. The findings indicate that two crash-avoidance features provide the biggest benefits: (a) ''autonomous braking'' that would brake on its own, if the driver does not, to avoid a forward collision, and (b) ''adaptive headlights'' that would shift the headlights in the direction the driver steers. They found lane departure systems to be not helpful, and perhaps harmful, at the circa 2012 stage of development. Collision avoidance features are rapidly making their way into the new vehicle fleet. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Collision avoidance system」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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